特性#
参数#
原始块产生于2014年1月18日，东部时间晚11点
无预挖
X11算法，CPU/GPU/ASIC均可用
区块时间2.6 分钟, 区块大小2MB, ~56 笔交易每秒
每年区块奖励减产率7.14%
暗黑重力波难度调节算法
总发行量在17.74M到18.92M之间
分布式双层主节点网络
Superior privacy using CoinJoin
通过即时支付实现瞬时交易
Protection against blockchain reorganization events (commonly called 51% attacks) using ChainLocks
基于区块链的去中心化管理系统使得主节点持有者可以对预案进行投票，成为达世币发展的决策者。
主节点#
In addition to traditional Proof of Work (PoW) rewards for mining Dash, users are also rewarded for running and maintaining special servers called masternodes. Thanks to this innovative two tier network, Dash can offer innovative features in a trustless and decentralized way. Masternodes are used to power CoinJoin, InstantSend, and the governance and treasury system. Users are rewarded for running masternodes; a percentage of the block reward is allocated to pay the masternode network. The current percentage can be found in this table. You can view practical guides on all topics relating to masternodes here.
主节点实现以下服务：
即时支付实现几乎瞬间的交易。达世币的即时支付功能可以在两秒内完成所有交易确认。
CoinJoin gives financial privacy through a decentralized implementation of CoinJoin.
ChainLocks, which protects the blockchain against 51% mining attacks by signing blocks as they are mined.
Governance and Treasury allows stakeholders in Dash to determine the direction of the project and devotes 10% of the block reward to development of the project and ecosystem.
达世币进化版将会使数字货币变得如PayPal一样简单易用。
Masternode owners must have possession of 1000 DASH, which they prove by signing a message included in a special transaction written to the blockchain. The Dash can be moved or spent at any time, but doing so will cause the masternode to fall out of queue and stop earning rewards. Masternode users are also given voting rights on proposals. Each masternode has one vote and this vote can be used on budget proposals or important decisions that affect Dash.
Masternodes cost money and effort to host so they are paid a percentage of the block reward as an incentive. Because only one masternode is paid in each block, the frequency of the payment can vary, as well as the value of the Dash paid out. This tool shows a live calculation of masternode earnings. These rewards decrease by 7% each year, together with the block reward. There is also the possibility for masternodes to earn money from fees in the future.
CoinJoin#
CoinJoin gives you consumer grade financial privacy by shuffling your Dash with other users. All the Dash in your wallet consists of different inputs, which you can think of as separate, discrete coins. It uses an innovative process to join your inputs with the inputs of at least two other people in a single transaction, so the value in Dash never leaves your wallet. You retain control of your money at all times.
You can view a practical guide to use CoinJoin here.
The CoinJoin process works like this:
CoinJoin begins by breaking your transaction inputs down into standard denominations. These denominations are 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 Dash – much like the paper money you use every day.
Your wallet then sends requests to specially configured software nodes on the network called masternodes. These masternodes are informed then that you are interested in creating a certain denomination using CoinJoin. No identifiable information is sent to the masternodes, so they never know who you are.
When two other people send similar messages, indicating that they wish to join coins of the same denomination, a session begins. The masternode instructs all three users’ wallets to pay the now-transformed inputs to themselves. Your wallet pays that denomination directly to itself but in a different address (called a change address).
Your wallet can repeat this process a number of times with each denomination. Each time the process is completed it’s called a “round.” The user may choose between 2-16 rounds of CoinJoin.
Your funds will pass through at least the number of rounds you specify. Dash 0.16 includes an update known as Random Round CoinJoin which will join a given denomination by up to three extra rounds to further improve privacy.
This process happens in the background without any intervention on your part. When you wish to make a transaction using your denominated funds no additional waiting will be required.
Note that CoinJoin transactions will be rounded up so that all transaction inputs are spent. Any excess Dash will be spent on the transaction fee.
IMPORTANT: Your wallet only contains 1000 of these change addresses. Every time a CoinJoin transaction is created, one of your addresses is used up. Once enough of them are used, your wallet must create more addresses. It can only do this, however, if you have automatic backups enabled. Consequently, users who have backups disabled will also have CoinJoin disabled.
即时支付#
传统的去中心化加密数字货币都要等上一段时间，通过足够多的区块广播来保证交易是不可撤消的，并且验证这些币没有在别的地方已经被花掉而产生双重花费的可能。这个过程很费时，通常被广泛接受的六步确认会花上15分钟到1个小时不等的时间。其它的加密数字货币都是通过网络上不同程度的中心化处理来实现交易确认时间加速。
Dash suffers from neither of these limitations thanks to its second-layer network of masternodes. Masternodes regularly form voting quorums to check whether or not a submitted transaction is valid. If it is valid, the masternodes “lock” the inputs for the transaction and broadcast this information to the network, effectively promising that the transaction will be included in subsequently mined blocks and not allowing any other spending of these inputs during the confirmation time period.
即时支付技术使得像达世币这样的数字货币，在销售点的支付环境下，完全可以媲美那些接近瞬时支付的信用卡，而且不依赖任何中央集权机构。通过将交易确认时间长达几个小时（比特币）缩短到仅仅几秒，达世币被商户广泛接受的现状和即时支付技术将给加密数字货币带来一场革命。
You can view a practical guide to use InstantSend here. InstantSend was introduced in a whitepaper called Transaction Locking and Masternode Consensus: A Mechanism for Mitigating Double Spending Attacks, and further improved through the introduction of LLMQ-based InstantSend in Dash 0.14.
达世币如何通过即时支付防止双花，Amanda B. Johnson向你诠释，2016年9月16
ChainLocks#
ChainLocks are a feature provided by the Dash Network which provides certainty when accepting payments. This technology, particularly when used in parallel with InstantSend, creates an environment in which payments can be accepted immediately and without the risk of “Blockchain Reorganization Events”.
The risk of blockchain reorganization is typically addressed by requiring multiple “confirmations” before a transaction can be safely accepted as payment. This type of indirect security is effective, but at a cost of time and user experience. ChainLocks are a solution for this problem.
ChainLocks Process Overview#
Every twelve hours a new “LLMQ” (Long-Living Masternode Quorum) is formed using a “DKG” (Distributed Key Generation) process. All members of this Quorum are responsible for observing, and subsequently affirming, newly mined blocks:
Whenever a block is mined, Quorum Members will broadcast a signed message containing the observed block to the rest of the Quorum.
If 60% or more of the Quorum sees the same new block they will collectively form a “CLSIG” (ChainLock Signature) message which will be broadcast to the remainder of the network.
When a valid ChainLock Signature is received by a client on the network, it will reject all blocks at the same height that do not match the block specified in that message.
The result is a quick and unambiguous decision on the “correct” blockchain for integrated clients and wallets. From a security perspective, this also makes reorganizations prior to this block impossible. See DIP0008 ChainLocks for a full description of how ChainLocks work.
叉勺技术#
为了应对2014年6月更新”RC3”时出现意料之外的问题，达世开发团队发明了一种机制，在这种机制下，更新代码会被发布到网络上，但不马上激活（”实施”）。这种创新相比于传统的硬分叉模型，能够更平稳的过渡，并且可以收集实时网络环境中的测试信息。这种多阶段分叉过程开始时被称为软分叉，但是社区中亲切地授予它“叉勺”的称呼。
达世币的新功能或新版本在发布到主网前，都会在测试网上经受大量的测试。当达世币的新功能或新版本在主网发布时，信息会发给用户，将相应的变化和向客户更新的要求通知到他们。那些已经更新了客户端的用户会运行新的代码，但不会激活，直到有足够比例的网络参与者（一般是80%）达成运行共识。如果新的代码有错误，客户端区块不会被网络拒绝，所以意外的分叉可以被避免。有关错误的数据也会被收集起来发送给开发团队。一旦开发团队对新代码在主网环境下的稳定性表示满意，并且达成同意接受的网络共识，通过核心开发团队多数成员使用各自的私人密钥进行数字签名，更新代码的实施便可被远程激活。如果有问题发生，可以用同样的方式让代码失效，而不需要整个网络的回滚或客户端更新。关于单个叉勺的技术细节，详见这里。
X11算法#
X11算法是由Dash Core创始人Evan Duffield创建并被广泛应用的算法。X11的链式算法利用了11个科学散列算法序列用于工作量证明。这是为了让分配的过程更加公平，使币的分布能像比特币最开始设想的那样。X11的初衷是想使集成电路矿机做起来比较难，这样就可以在挖矿集权成为入驻前，给货币以足够的时间去发展。这个方法在很大程度上是成功的。从2016年初开始，针对于X11算法的ASIC矿机现在已经出现并占据了很大部分的网络算力，但是并没有造成像比特币那种程度的集权。关于针对X11算法挖矿的信息可以在挖矿专区中找到。
X11是达世币（2014年1月按Xcoin命名发行）引入的工作量证明（ POW ）的一个算法名称。它一部分受Quark的启发，通过提高散列的数量增加了更多“深度“和复杂性，但是它与Quark的不同是，散列的轮次是确定先验的而不是随机挑选的。
X11算法采用的是11种不同的算法（blake、bmw、groestl、jh、keccak、skein、luffa、cubehash、shavite、simd、echo），这使其成为加密数字货币应用中最安全的更复杂的加密算法。X11的名字与类似近UNIX操作系统的X11开源WINDOWS系统没有任何关系。
X11的优势#
相较于没有安全风险保护的单一算法的工作量证明解决方法，比如SPOF（单点故障），多重算法中提升的复杂性增强了数字货币的安全性，减少了不确定性。例如，如果有新的计算突破，可能但不一定会发生，攻破了SHA256算法，就有可能会危及到整个比特币网络，除非网络通过硬分叉转移到另外一个加密算法中去。
如果有相似的计算突破发生，使用X11算法验证PoW的数字货币还会继续安全地运行，除非11个算法同时被攻破。即使11个算法中有一些被证实不可靠，但也足够向使用X11算法的货币提出预警，以便采取措施，用其它更可靠的算法替换掉有问题的算法。
鉴于数字货币的投机属性以及作为新领域固有的不确定性，X11算法能给其用户和潜在投资者增加信心，这一点是单一算法所不能做到的。链式算法解决方案，如X11，提升了安全性，延长了以财富为目的的存储寿命，增加了投资多样性，对冲了由于SPOF（单点故障）带来的单一算法货币的风险。
Evan Duffield, 达世币和X11算法的创始人，在很多场合都已经写过，将X11整合在达世币中，目的不是要阻止ASIC制造商来将来制造出针对X11的矿机，更多是提供一个跟比特币相似的发展路径（CPUs, GPUs, ASICs）。
暗黑重力波#
DGW或暗黑重力波是一种开源的难度可调的，为以比特币为基础的加密数字货币提供的算法，最开始时在达世币中使用，自此之后也已经出现在其它数字货币中。DGW由达世币的开发者和创建者Evan Duffield编写，以应对Kimoto’s Gravity Well算法中发现的时间隐藏剥削问题。理念上，DGW与Kimoto Gravity Well相似，基于最近发现的区块中的统计数据，调节每个区块难度级别（而不是像比特币那样每2016个区块调节）。这样，即使算力正面临很大的波动，也可以分配给每个区块相对一致的时间，避免遭受时间隐蔽剥削。
达世币在45,000个区块后执行了DGW的2.0版本，为了全面减少时间隐蔽剥削的问题。
3.0版本是在2014年5月14日执行的，通过平稳过渡，进一步提升了难度重新定位。这个版本还解决了很多架构中所出现的，由于整数算法引起的不同程度的浮点精确度问题。
发行率#
加密数字货币如达世币和比特币，都是通过一种加密难度处理过程来产生的，称之为挖矿。挖矿需要不停地解决哈希算法直到当前难题的有效解决方法被找到。一旦找到，矿工就会被允许生产新的货币单元。这就是大家都了解的区块奖励。为了保证货币不会受到无止境的通胀影响，区块奖励会被减少到一个正常的区间。以下显示的是计算方式。将这些数据做成图表就会形成一个显示所有流通货币的曲线，称之为货币的发行速率。
虽然达世币的创立是基于比特币，但是它很大程度地修改了货币的发行率，随着时间的推移，更加平缓地降低货币发行速率。比特币每4年将发行速率降低50%，而达世币是每210240区块（大约383.25天）降低1/14（约7.14%）。这样可以看出达世币每年减少的区块奖励幅度较小，从而为将来转向收取手续费的经济模型，提供了比比特币更为平缓的过渡。
比特币 vs. 达世币的发型速率#
总发行量#
比特币的总发行量是按几何级数计算出来的和，无限接近总发行量（但不达到）21,000,000个比特币。这个发行过程会持续到2140年，即时如此快速地降低挖矿奖励，但到2036年时就会有99%的比特币被挖出，而到2048年时达到总量的99.9%。
达世币的总发行量也是按几何级数计算出来的和，但是最终的数量是不确定的，因为留给预算提案的10%的区块奖励不知道会有多少能被实际花掉，而这部分取决于将来的投票行为。达世币会持续发行约192年，直到每年产出的货币少于1个DASH。2209年后只剩下14个DASH会被产出。最后一个DASH的产出将会耗时231年，从2246年开始，到2477年发行全部结束。基于这些数字，2254年最大和最小的可能发行量在这之间：
17,742,696 DASH |
假设未分配任何预算资金 |
18,921,005 DASH |
假设全部预算资金都被分配 |
区块奖励分配#
Unlike Bitcoin, which allocates 100% of the block reward to miners, Dash holds back 10% of the block reward for use in the decentralized budget system. The remainder of the block reward, as well as any transaction fees, is split between the miner and a masternode, which is deterministically selected according to the payment logic. Dash features superblocks, which appear every 16616 blocks (approx. 30.29 days) and can release up to 10% of the cumulative budget held back over that budget cycle period to the winning proposals in the budget system. Depending on budget utilization, this results in an approximate coin reward allocation over a budget cycle as follows:
90% |
Mining and Masternode Reward |
10% |
去中心化预算管理 |
On 13 August 2020, the Dash network approved a proposal to modify the block reward allocation from 50/50 between miners and masternodes to 40/60, respectively. The incremental reallocation adjusts the percentage share every three superblock cycles.
The following table shows the incremental reallocation process and indicates the current reallocation date. Reward reallocation changes began at the first superblock following activation and now occur every three superblock cycles (approximately once per quarter) until the reallocation is complete.
Adjustment |
Miner % |
Masternode % |
Change (%) |
Reallocation Dates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 |
50.0 |
50.0 |
0.00% |
— |
1 |
48.7 |
51.3 |
1.30% |
2020-11-28 |
2 |
47.4 |
52.6 |
1.30% |
2021-02-27 |
3 |
46.7 |
53.3 |
0.70% |
2021-05-29 |
4 |
46.0 |
54.0 |
0.70% |
2021-08-28 |
5 |
45.4 |
54.6 |
0.60% |
2021-11-27 |
6 |
44.8 |
55.2 |
0.60% |
2022-02-25 |
7 |
44.3 |
55.7 |
0.50% |
2022-05-27 |
8 (Current) |
43.8 |
56.2 |
0.50% |
2022-08-26 |
9 |
43.3 |
56.7 |
0.50% |
2022-11-25 |
10 |
42.8 |
57.2 |
0.50% |
2023-02-24 |
11 |
42.3 |
57.7 |
0.50% |
2023-05-26 |
12 |
41.8 |
58.2 |
0.50% |
2023-08-25 |
13 |
41.5 |
58.5 |
0.30% |
2023-11-24 |
14 |
41.2 |
58.8 |
0.30% |
2024-02-23 |
15 |
40.9 |
59.1 |
0.30% |
2024-05-24 |
16 |
40.6 |
59.4 |
0.30% |
2024-08-22 |
17 |
40.3 |
59.7 |
0.30% |
2024-11-21 |
18 |
40.1 |
59.9 |
0.20% |
2025-02-20 |
19 |
40.0 |
60.0 |
0.10% |
2025-05-22 |
这个文档是基于moocowmoo的计算和帖子。详情请见这个Reddit的帖子或者利用此工具计算货币发行量。现行网络统计的实时数据请看这个站点。
分布式管理#
Decentralized Governance by Blockchain, or DGBB, is Dash’s attempt to solve two important problems in cryptocurrency: governance and funding. Governance in a decentralized project is difficult, because by definition there are no central authorities to make decisions for the project. In Dash, such decisions are made by the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). The DAO allows each masternode to vote once (yes/no/abstain) for each proposal. If a proposal passes, it can then be implemented (or not) by Dash’s developers. A key example is early in 2016, when Dash’s Core Team submitted a proposal to the network asking whether the blocksize should be increased to 2 MB. Within 24 hours, consensus had been reached to approve this change. Compare this to Bitcoin, where debate on the blocksize has been raging for nearly three years.
DAO also provides a means for Dash to fund its own development. While other projects have to depend on donations or premined endowments, Dash uses 10% of the block reward to fund its own development. Every time a block is mined, 90% of the reward is split between the miner and a masternode per the distribution found here, while the remaining 10% is not created until the end of the month. During the month, anybody can make a budget proposal to the network. If that proposal receives net approval of at least 10% of the masternode network, then at the end of the month a series of “superblocks” will be created. At that time, the block rewards that were not paid out (10% of each block) will be used to fund approved proposals. The network thus funds itself by reserving 10% of the block reward for budget projects.
你可以在管理专区浏览更多关于达世币管理的文献资料。
哨兵#
Introduced in Dash 0.12.1, Sentinel is an autonomous agent for persisting, processing and automating Dash governance objects and tasks. Sentinel is implemented as a Python application that binds to a local version dashd instance on each Dash masternode.
A Governance Object (or “govObject”) is a generic structure introduced in Dash 0.12.1 to allow for the creation of Budget Proposals and Triggers. Class inheritance has been utilized to extend this generic object into a “Proposal” object to supplant the current Dash budget system.
图解强调了达世币哨兵和核心之间的关系#
手续费#
Dash 网络上的交易被记录在区块链上。交易的大小以字节为单位，但高价值交易与其交易字节数大小无必要相关性。交易大小则是由有多少输入与输出决定，因为有更多的数据被保存在区块中。每个区块都 是由一个矿工生成，他将因为生成区块做的工作被奖励。为了防止区块链被垃圾交易塞满，每个块的大小被人为限制。随着交易数量增长，每个区块的空间变得十分珍贵。因为矿工没有义务在他们产生的区块中包含任意交易，一旦区块被填满，一笔自愿的交易费用被用来激励矿工从而包含该交易，大多数钱包默认包含一笔小交易费，尽管一些矿工即使没有交易费照样处理交易。
The release of Dash 0.12.2.0 and activation of DIP0001 saw a simultaneous reduction of fees by a factor of 10, while the block size was increased from 1MB to 2MB to promote continued growth of low-cost transactions even as the cost of Dash rises. Dash 0.13.0.0 introduced InstantSend autolocks, which caused masternodes to automatically attempt to lock any transaction with 4 or fewer inputs — which are referred to as “simple” transactions — and removed the additional fee for InstantSend. 0.14.0.0 then removed the limitation on 4 inputs, so the network will attempt to lock all transactions. The current fee schedule for Dash is as follows:
交易类型 |
推荐手续费 |
每单位 |
|---|---|---|
CoinJoin |
0.001 DASH |
Per 10 rounds of CoinJoin (average) |
All other transactions |
0.00001 DASH |
每 kB 交易数据 |
As an example, a standard and relatively simple transaction on the Dash network with one input, one output and a possible change address typically fits in the range of 200 - 400 bytes. Assuming a price of US$100 per DASH, the fee falls in the range of $0.0002 - $0.0004, or 1/50th of a cent. InstantSend locking will be attempted on all transactions without any extra charge.
CoinJoin works by creating denominations of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 DASH and then creating CoinJoin transactions with other users using these denominations. Creation of the denominations is charged at the default fee for a standard transaction. Using CoinJoin is free, but to prevent spam attacks, an average of one in ten CoinJoin transactions are charged a fee of 0.0001 DASH. Spending denominated inputs using CoinJoin incurs the usual standard fees, but to avoid creating a potentially identifiable change address, the fee is always rounded up to the lowest possible denomination. This is typically 0.001 DASH, so it is important to deduct the fee from the amount being sent if possible to minimise fees. Combining InstantSend and CoinJoin may be expensive due to this requirement and the fact that a CoinJoin transaction may require several inputs, while InstantSend charges a fee of 0.0001 DASH per input. Always check your fees before sending a transaction.
进化版#
Dash Evolution is the code name for a decentralized platform built on Dash blockchain technology. The goal is to provide simple access to the unique features and benefits of Dash to assist in the creation of decentralized technology. Dash introduces a tiered network design, which allows users to do various jobs for the network, along with decentralized API access and a decentralized file system.
Dash Evolution will be released in stages. Dash Core releases 0.12.1 through to 0.12.3 lay the groundwork for the decentralized features behind the scenes. Version 0.13 introduces the foundation of Evolution, specifically DIP2 Special Transactions and DIP3 Deterministic Masternode Lists. Version 0.14 establishes DIP6 Long Living Masternode Quorums. Expected in late 2019, Dash Core 1.0 will introduce key Evolution features such as username-based payments, the world’s first decentralized API (DAPI) and a decentralized data storage system (Drive) based on IPFS.
以下便是我们目前在Evolution上所做的工作，增加了许多单元如：
Drive: A decentralized shared file system for user data that lives on the second tier network
DAPI：分布式应用程序接口，允许第三层用户安全接入网络
分布式DashPay钱包：用户可通过DAPI在不同操作平台接入这些轻钱包
第二层网络：主节点网络 - 可为项目提供有偿的基础设施建设
预算：主节点网络被赋予了投票的权力，从而可以通过预算系统为网络上具体的项目提供资金
管理：主节点网络被赋予了投票的权力从而管理达世币项目及发展方向
可识别主节点列表 该功能引入一个链上主节点列表，它将被用来计算过去和现在的裁判团
社交钱包 我们引入一个社交钱包，它将允许好友列表，用户分组和共享多签名账户
进化版预览#
Dash Dapps - Demoing Community Development on environment, 17 August 2020
以下的视频是达世币创始人Evan Duffield和用户体验/用户界面设计开发部门负责人Chuck Williams对Dash Evolution平台开发流程和即将呈现的功能所做的描述。
Evolution Demo #1 - The First Dash DAP , 2018年3月16日
Evolution Demo #2 - Mobile Evolution, 2018年4月25日
Evolution Demo #3 - Dashpay User Experience, 2018年5月15日
Chuck Williams on Evolution, Dash Conference London, 2017年9月14日
Evan Duffield on the Evolution Roadmap, Dash Force News, 2017年6月28日