Características#
Especificações#
Primeiro bloco minerado às 23:00 horas EST, em 18 de janeiro de 2014
Sem premine
Algoritmo X11, mineração CPU/GPU/ASIC disponível
Tempo de bloco 2,6 minutos, blocos de 2MB, ~56 transações por segundo
Block subsidy decreases by 7.14% per year
Algoritmo de ajuste de dificuldade Dark Gravity Wave
Entre 17,74M e 18,92M o fornecimento total de moedas
Rede descentralizada de masternode
Superior privacy using CoinJoin
Transações instantâneas usando o InstantSend
Protection against blockchain reorganization events (commonly called 51% attacks) using ChainLocks
Governança Descentralizada Por Blockchain permite que os proprietários de masternode votem em propostas de orçamento e decisões que afetam Dash
Masternodes#
In addition to traditional Proof of Work (PoW) rewards for mining Dash, users are also rewarded for running and maintaining special servers called masternodes. Thanks to this innovative two tier network, Dash can offer innovative features in a trustless and decentralized way. Masternodes are used to power CoinJoin, InstantSend, and the governance and treasury system. Users are rewarded for running masternodes; a percentage of the block reward is allocated to pay the masternode network. The current percentage can be found in this table. You can view practical guides on all topics relating to masternodes here.
Masternodes permitem os seguintes serviços:
InstantSend permite transações quase instantâneas. As transações do Dash InstantSend são totalmente confirmadas em dois segundos.
CoinJoin gives financial privacy through a decentralized implementation of CoinJoin.
ChainLocks, which protects the blockchain against 51% mining attacks by signing blocks as they are mined.
Governance and Treasury allows stakeholders in Dash to determine the direction of the project and devotes 20% of the block subsidy to development of the project and ecosystem.
Dash Evolution will make using cryptocurrency as easy as using PayPal.
Masternode owners must have possession of 1000 DASH, which they prove by signing a message included in a special transaction written to the blockchain. The Dash can be moved or spent at any time, but doing so will cause the masternode to fall out of queue and stop earning rewards. Masternode users are also given voting rights on proposals. Each masternode can vote on budget proposals or important decisions that affect Dash.
Masternodes cost money and effort to host so they are paid a percentage of the block reward as an incentive. Because only one masternode is paid in each block, the frequency of the payment can vary, as well as the value of the Dash paid out. This tool shows a live calculation of masternode earnings. These rewards decrease by 7% each year, together with the block subsidy. There is also the possibility for masternodes to earn money from fees in the future.
Evolution Masternodes (evonodes)#
Evolution Masternodes (evonodes) are a subset of masternodes that have been created to host Dash Platform. Evonodes are similar to regular masternodes, but have these differences:
Masternode |
Evolution Masternode |
|
---|---|---|
Collateral |
1000 DASH |
4000 DASH |
Service(s) |
Only Dash Core |
Both Dash Core and Platform |
Voting Weight |
1 (collateral amount / 1000) |
4 (collateral amount / 1000) |
Evonodes also have higher hardware requirements than regular masternodes due to the additional Dash Platform services they host.
CoinJoin#
CoinJoin gives you consumer grade financial privacy by shuffling your Dash with other users. All the Dash in your wallet consists of different inputs, which you can think of as separate, discrete coins. It uses an innovative process to join your inputs with the inputs of at least two other people in a single transaction, so the value in Dash never leaves your wallet. You retain control of your money at all times.
You can view a practical guide to use CoinJoin here.
The CoinJoin process works like this:
CoinJoin begins by breaking your transaction inputs down into standard denominations. These denominations are 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 Dash – much like the paper money you use every day.
Your wallet then sends requests to specially configured software nodes on the network called masternodes. These masternodes are informed then that you are interested in creating a certain denomination using CoinJoin. No identifiable information is sent to the masternodes, so they never know who you are.
When two other people send similar messages, indicating that they wish to join coins of the same denomination, a session begins. The masternode instructs all three users’ wallets to pay the now-transformed inputs to themselves. Your wallet pays that denomination directly to itself but in a different address (called a change address).
Your wallet can repeat this process a number of times with each denomination. Each time the process is completed it’s called a «round.» The user may choose between 2-16 rounds of CoinJoin.
Your funds will pass through at least the number of rounds you specify. Dash 0.16 includes an update known as Random Round CoinJoin which will join a given denomination by up to three extra rounds to further improve privacy.
This process happens in the background without any intervention on your part. When you wish to make a transaction using your denominated funds no additional waiting will be required.
Note that CoinJoin transactions will be rounded up so that all transaction inputs are spent. Any excess Dash will be spent on the transaction fee.
IMPORTANT: Your wallet only contains 1000 of these change addresses. Every time a CoinJoin transaction is created, one of your addresses is used up. Once enough of them are used, your wallet must create more addresses. It can only do this, however, if you have automatic backups enabled. Consequently, users who have backups disabled will also have CoinJoin disabled.
InstantSend#
Criptomoedas descentralizadas devem esperar por um certo período de tempo para que blocos suficientes passem para garantir que uma transação seja irreversível e não uma tentativa de gasto duplo o dinheiro que já foi gasto em outro lugar. Esse processo é demorado e pode levar de 15 minutos a uma hora para que o número amplamente aceito de seis blocos se acumule. Outras criptomoedas atingem um tempo de confirmação de transação mais rápido centralizando a autoridade na rede em vários níveis.
Dash suffers from neither of these limitations thanks to its second-layer network of masternodes. Masternodes regularly form voting quorums to check whether or not a submitted transaction is valid. If it is valid, the masternodes «lock» the inputs for the transaction and broadcast this information to the network, effectively promising that the transaction will be included in subsequently mined blocks and not allowing any other spending of these inputs during the confirmation time period.
A tecnologia InstantSend permitirá que moedas criptografadas, como o Dash, concorram com sistemas de transação quase instantâneos, como cartões de crédito para situações de ponto de venda, sem depender de uma autoridade centralizada. A aceitação generalizada por parte do fornecedor do Dash e do InstantSend poderá revolucionar a criptomoeda, encurtando o atraso na confirmação de transações de uma hora (com o Bitcoin) para apenas alguns segundos.
You can view a practical guide to use InstantSend here. InstantSend was introduced in a whitepaper called Transaction Locking and Masternode Consensus: A Mechanism for Mitigating Double Spending Attacks, and further improved through the introduction of LLMQ-based InstantSend in Dash 0.14.
Como o Dash “InstantSend” protege os comerciantes de duplos gastos, Dash Detailed de Amanda B. Johnson, 16 de setembro de 2016
ChainLocks#
ChainLocks are a feature provided by the Dash Network which provides certainty when accepting payments. This technology, particularly when used in parallel with InstantSend, creates an environment in which payments can be accepted immediately and without the risk of “Blockchain Reorganization Events”.
The risk of blockchain reorganization is typically addressed by requiring multiple “confirmations” before a transaction can be safely accepted as payment. This type of indirect security is effective, but at a cost of time and user experience. ChainLocks are a solution for this problem.
ChainLocks Process Overview#
Every twelve hours a new “LLMQ” (Long-Living Masternode Quorum) is formed using a “DKG” (Distributed Key Generation) process. All members of this Quorum are responsible for observing, and subsequently affirming, newly mined blocks:
Whenever a block is mined, Quorum Members will broadcast a signed message containing the observed block to the rest of the Quorum.
If 60% or more of the Quorum sees the same new block they will collectively form a “CLSIG” (ChainLock Signature) message which will be broadcast to the remainder of the network.
When a valid ChainLock Signature is received by a client on the network, it will reject all blocks at the same height that do not match the block specified in that message.
The result is a quick and unambiguous decision on the “correct” blockchain for integrated clients and wallets. From a security perspective, this also makes reorganizations prior to this block impossible. See DIP0008 ChainLocks for a full description of how ChainLocks work.
Sporks#
In response to unforeseen issues with the rollout of the major «RC3» update in June 2014, the Dash development team created a mechanism by which updated code is released to the network, but not immediately made active («enforced»). This innovation allows for far smoother transitions than in the traditional hard fork paradigm, as well as the collection of test data in the live network environment. This process of multi-phased forking was originally to be called «soft forking» but the community affectionately dubbed it «the spork» and the name stuck.
As of Dash Core v21.0, sporks are only used test networks. Mainnet spork values were hardened to protect mainnet by minimizing risks associated with potential centralization or its perception. For technical details on individual sporks, see the understanding sporks page.
Hash Algoritimo X11#
O X11 é um algoritmo de hash amplamente utilizado, criado pelo desenvolvedor do núcleo do Dash, Evan Duffield. O algoritmo de hashing encadeado do X11 utiliza uma sequência de onze algoritmos de hashing científico para a prova de trabalho. Isso é para que a distribuição do processamento seja justa e as moedas sejam distribuídas da mesma maneira que as do Bitcoin eram originalmente. O X11 pretendia tornar os ASICs muito mais difíceis de criar, dando à moeda muito tempo para se desenvolver antes que a centralização da mineração se tornasse uma ameaça. Esta abordagem foi amplamente bem sucedida; a partir do início de 2016, os ASICs para o X11 agora existem e compreendem uma porção significativa do hashrate da rede, mas não resultaram no nível de centralização presente no Bitcoin. Informações sobre mineração com X11 podem ser encontradas na seção Mining section of this documentation.
X11 is the name of the chained proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm that was introduced in Dash (launched January 2014 as «Xcoin»). It was partially inspired by the chained-hashing approach of Quark, adding further «depth» and complexity by increasing the number of hashes, yet it differs from Quark in that the rounds of hashes are determined a priori instead of having some hashes being randomly picked.
O algoritmo X11 usa várias rodadas de 11 hashes diferentes (blake, bmw, groestl, jh, keccak, meada, luffa, cubehash, shavite, simd, eco), tornando-o um dos hashes criptográficos mais seguros e sofisticados em uso pelos modernos criptomoedas. O nome X11 não está relacionado ao sistema de janelas X11 de código-fonte aberto comum em sistemas operacionais semelhantes a UNIX.
Vantagens do X11#
A maior complexidade e sofisticação do algoritmo encadeado fornece níveis aprimorados de segurança e menos incerteza para uma moeda digital, em comparação com soluções de PoW com um único hash que não estão protegidas contra riscos de segurança, como SPOF (Single Point Of Failure). Por exemplo, um avanço de computação, mas não provável, que «quebra» o hash SHA256 poderia colocar em risco toda a rede Bitcoin até que a rede mude através de uma bifurcação para outro hash criptográfico.
No caso de uma descoberta de computação semelhante, uma moeda digital usando o X11 PoW continuaria a funcionar com segurança, a menos que todos os 11 hashes fossem quebrados simultaneamente. Mesmo se alguns dos 11 hashes se provassem não confiáveis, haveria um aviso adequado para uma moeda usando o X11 para tomar medidas e substituir os hashes problemáticos por outros algoritmos hash mais confiáveis.
Dada a natureza especulativa das moedas digitais e suas incertezas inerentes como um novo campo, o algoritmo X11 pode fornecer maior confiança para seus usuários e potenciais investidores que as abordagens single-hash não podem. Soluções de hashing encadeadas, como o X11, proporcionam maior segurança e longevidade para fins de armazenamento de riqueza, diversificação de investimentos e proteção contra riscos associados a moedas com hashing único afetadas por SPOF (Single Point Of Failure - Ponto Único de Falha).
Evan Duffield, o criador do Dash e do X11, escreveu em várias ocasiões que o X11 foi integrado ao Dash não com a intenção de impedir que os fabricantes de ASIC criem ASICs para o X11 no futuro, mas sim fornecer um caminho migratório similar. Bitcoin tinha (CPUs, GPUs, ASICs).
Dark Gravity Wave#
DGW or Dark Gravity Wave is an open source difficulty-adjusting algorithm for Bitcoin-based cryptocurrencies that was first used in Dash and has since appeared in other digital currencies. DGW was authored by Evan Duffield, the developer and creator of Dash, as a response to a time-warp exploit found in Kimoto’s Gravity Well. In concept, DGW is similar to the Kimoto Gravity Well, adjusting the difficulty levels every block (instead of every 2016 blocks like Bitcoin) based on statistical data from recently found blocks. This makes it possible to issue blocks with relatively consistent times, even if the hashing power experiences high fluctuations, without suffering from the time-warp exploit.
Version 2.0 of DGW was implemented in Dash from block 45,000 onwards in order to completely alleviate the time-warp exploit.
A versão 3.0 foi implementada em 14 de maio de 2014 para melhorar ainda mais a dificuldade de redirecionamento com transições mais suaves. Ele também corrige problemas com várias arquiteturas que tinham diferentes níveis de precisão de ponto flutuante por meio do uso de inteiros.
Taxa de emissão#
Cryptocurrencies such as Dash and Bitcoin are created through a cryptographically difficult process known as mining. Mining involves repeatedly solving hash algorithms until a valid solution for the current mining difficulty is discovered. Once discovered, the miner is permitted to create new units of the currency. This is known as the block subsidy. To ensure that the currency is not subject to endless inflation, the block subsidy is reduced at regular intervals, as shown in this calculation. Graphing this data results in a curve showing total coins in circulation, known as the coin emission rate.
While Dash is based on Bitcoin, it significantly modifies the coin emission rate to offer a smoother reduction in coin emission over time. While Bitcoin reduces the coin emission rate by 50% every 4 years, Dash reduces the emission by one-fourteenth (approx. 7.14%) every 210240 blocks (approx. 383.25 days). It can be seen that reducing the block subsidy by a smaller amount each year offers a smoother transition to a fee-based economy than Bitcoin.
Emissão total de moedas#
Bitcoin’s total coin emission can be calculated as the sum of a geometric series, with the total emission approaching (but never reaching) 21,000,000 BTC. This will continue until 2140, but the mining subsidy reduces so quickly that 99% of all bitcoin will be in circulation by 2036, and 99.9% by 2048.
Dash’s total coin emission is also the sum of a geometric series, but the ultimate total coin emission is uncertain because it cannot be known how much of the 20% block subsidy reserved for budget proposals will actually be allocated, since this depends on future voting behavior. Dash will continue to emit coins for approximately 192 years before a full year of mining creates less than 1 DASH. After 2209 only 14 more DASH will be created. The last DASH will take 231 years to be generated, starting in 2246 and ending when emission completely stops in 2477. Based on these numbers, a maximum and minimum possible coin supply in the year 2254 can be calculated to be between:
17,742,696 DASH |
Assumindo a alocação de tesouraria zero |
18,921,005 DASH |
Assuming full treasury allocation |
Alocação de recompensas de bloco#
Unlike Bitcoin, which allocates 100% of the block subsidy to miners, Dash holds back part of the block subsidy for use in the decentralized budget system. The remainder of the block subsidy, as well as any transaction fees, is split between the miner and a masternode, which is deterministically selected according to the payment logic. Dash features superblocks, which appear every 16616 blocks (approx. 30.29 days) and can release the cumulative governance budget held back over that budget cycle period to the winning proposals in the budget system. Depending on budget utilization, this results in an approximate coin allocation over a budget cycle as follows:
80% |
Mining and Masternode Reward |
20% |
Orçamento de Governança Descentralizada |
When the Dash Core v20 hard fork activates, Dash’s governance budget will grow to 20% of the block subsidy per the governance proposal approved in September 2023. Additional details can be found in the Treasury expansion section.
Treasury expansion#
In September of 2023, the Dash network approved a proposal to double the governance budget by modifying the block subsidy allocation. The new allocation designates 20% for miners, 20% for the governance system budget, and 60% for masternodes. The expansion will go into effect upon activation of the Dash Core v20 hard fork.
20% |
Recompensa de Mineração |
20% |
Orçamento de Governança Descentralizada |
60% |
Masternode Reward |
Miner and masternode reallocation#
Nota
This block reward reallocation process was superseded by the treasury expansion approved by the network in 2023. The information below is retained for reference but has been obsolete since the Dash Core v20 activation.
On 13 August 2020, the Dash network approved a proposal to modify the block reward allocation from 50/50 between miners and masternodes to 40/60, respectively. The incremental reallocation adjusts the percentage share every three superblock cycles.
Deprecated block reward reallocation process
The following table shows the incremental reallocation process and indicates the current reallocation date. Reward reallocation changes began at the first superblock following activation and now occur every three superblock cycles (approximately once per quarter) until the reallocation is complete.
Adjustment |
Miner % |
Masternode % |
Change (%) |
Reallocation Dates |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 |
50.0 |
50.0 |
0.00% |
— |
1 |
48.7 |
51.3 |
1.30% |
2020-11-28 |
2 |
47.4 |
52.6 |
1.30% |
2021-02-27 |
3 |
46.7 |
53.3 |
0.70% |
2021-05-29 |
4 |
46.0 |
54.0 |
0.70% |
2021-08-28 |
5 |
45.4 |
54.6 |
0.60% |
2021-11-27 |
6 |
44.8 |
55.2 |
0.60% |
2022-02-25 |
7 |
44.3 |
55.7 |
0.50% |
2022-05-27 |
8 |
43.8 |
56.2 |
0.50% |
2022-08-26 |
9 |
43.3 |
56.7 |
0.50% |
2022-11-25 |
10 |
42.8 |
57.2 |
0.50% |
2023-02-24 |
11 |
42.3 |
57.7 |
0.50% |
2023-05-26 |
12 |
41.8 |
58.2 |
0.50% |
2023-08-25 |
13 (Final) |
41.5 |
58.5 |
0.30% |
2023-11-24 |
14 |
41.2 |
58.8 |
0.30% |
2024-02-23 |
15 |
40.9 |
59.1 |
0.30% |
2024-05-24 |
16 |
40.6 |
59.4 |
0.30% |
2024-08-22 |
17 |
40.3 |
59.7 |
0.30% |
2024-11-21 |
18 |
40.1 |
59.9 |
0.20% |
2025-02-20 |
19 |
40.0 |
60.0 |
0.10% |
2025-05-22 |
This documentation is based on calculations and posts by moocowmoo. Please see this reddit post for more details, or run your own emission calculations using this tool.
Governança Descentralizada#
Decentralized Governance by Blockchain, or DGBB, is Dash’s attempt to solve two important problems in cryptocurrency: governance and funding. Governance in a decentralized project is difficult, because by definition there are no central authorities to make decisions for the project. In Dash, such decisions are made by the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). The DAO allows each masternode to vote once (yes/no/abstain) for each proposal. If a proposal passes, it can then be implemented (or not) by Dash’s developers. A key example is early in 2016, when Dash’s Core Team submitted a proposal to the network asking whether the blocksize should be increased to 2 MB. Within 24 hours, consensus had been reached to approve this change. Compare this to Bitcoin, where debate on the blocksize has been raging for nearly three years.
DAO also provides a means for Dash to fund its own development. While other projects have to depend on donations or premined endowments, Dash uses 20% of the block subsidy to fund its own development. Every time a block is mined, 80% of the subsidy is split between the miner and a masternode per the distribution found here, while the remaining 20% is not created until the end of the month. During the month, anybody can make a budget proposal to the network. If that proposal receives net approval of at least 10% of the masternode network, then at the end of the month a «superblock» will be created. At that time, the block subsidy that was not paid out (20% of each block) will be used to fund approved proposals. The network thus funds itself by reserving 20% of the block subsidy for budget projects.
Você pode ler mais sobre a governança do Dash na seção Governança desta documentação.
Sentinel#
Atenção
Sentinel was deprecated in Dash Core v20.0 when its functionality was integrated into Dash Core.
Introduced in Dash 0.12.1, Sentinel is an autonomous agent for persisting, processing and automating Dash governance objects and tasks. Sentinel is implemented as a Python application that binds to a local version dashd instance on each Dash masternode.
A Governance Object (or «govObject») is a generic structure introduced in Dash 0.12.1 to allow for the creation of Budget Proposals and Triggers. Class inheritance has been utilized to extend this generic object into a «Proposal» object to supplant the current Dash budget system.
Taxas#
Transactions on the Dash network are recorded in blocks on the blockchain. The size of each transaction is measured in bytes, but there is not necessarily a correlation between high value transactions and the number of bytes required to process the transaction. Instead, transaction size is affected by how many input and output addresses are involved, since more data must be written in the block to store this information. Each new block is generated by a miner, who is paid for completing the work to generate the block with a block reward. In order to prevent the network from being filled with spam transactions, the size of each block is artificially limited. As transaction volume increases, the space in each block becomes a scarce commodity. Because miners are not obliged to include any transaction in the blocks they produce, once blocks are full, a voluntary transaction fee can be included as an incentive to the miner to process the transaction. Most wallets include a small fee by default, although some miners will process transactions even if no fee is included.
The release of Dash 0.12.2.0 and activation of DIP0001 saw a simultaneous reduction of fees by a factor of 10, while the block size was increased from 1MB to 2MB to promote continued growth of low-cost transactions even as the cost of Dash rises. Dash 0.13.0.0 introduced InstantSend autolocks, which caused masternodes to automatically attempt to lock any transaction with 4 or fewer inputs — which are referred to as “simple” transactions — and removed the additional fee for InstantSend. 0.14.0.0 then removed the limitation on 4 inputs, so the network will attempt to lock all transactions. The current fee schedule for Dash is as follows:
Tipo de transação |
Taxa recomendada |
Por unidade |
---|---|---|
CoinJoin |
0.001 DASH |
Per 10 rounds of CoinJoin (average) |
All other transactions |
0.00001 DASH |
Por kB de dados de transação |
As an example, a standard and relatively simple transaction on the Dash network with one input, one output and a possible change address typically fits in the range of 200 - 400 bytes. Assuming a price of US$100 per DASH, the fee falls in the range of $0.0002 - $0.0004, or 1/50th of a cent. InstantSend locking will be attempted on all transactions without any extra charge.
CoinJoin works by creating denominations of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 DASH and then creating CoinJoin transactions with other users using these denominations. Creation of the denominations is charged at the default fee for a standard transaction. Using CoinJoin is free, but to prevent spam attacks, an average of one in ten CoinJoin transactions are charged a fee of 0.0001 DASH. Spending denominated inputs using CoinJoin incurs the usual standard fees, but to avoid creating a potentially identifiable change address, the fee is always rounded up to the lowest possible denomination. This is typically 0.001 DASH, so it is important to deduct the fee from the amount being sent if possible to minimise fees. Combining InstantSend and CoinJoin may be expensive due to this requirement and the fact that a CoinJoin transaction may require several inputs, while InstantSend charges a fee of 0.0001 DASH per input. Always check your fees before sending a transaction.
Evolution#
Dash Evolution is the code name for a decentralized platform built on Dash blockchain technology. The goal is to provide simple access to the unique features and benefits of Dash to assist in the creation of decentralized technology. Dash introduces a tiered network design, which allows users to do various jobs for the network, along with decentralized API access and a decentralized file system.
Dash Evolution will be released in stages. Dash Core releases 0.12.1 through to 0.12.3 lay the groundwork for the decentralized features behind the scenes. Version 0.13 introduces the foundation of Evolution, specifically DIP2 Special Transactions and DIP3 Deterministic Masternode Lists. Version 0.14 establishes DIP6 Long Living Masternode Quorums. Expected in late 2019, Dash Core 1.0 will introduce key Evolution features such as username-based payments, the world’s first decentralized API (DAPI) and a decentralized data storage system (Drive) based on IPFS.
Incluído abaixo está o nosso trabalho atual no Evolution, que adiciona muitos componentes como:
Drive: A decentralized shared file system for user data that lives on the second tier network
DAPI: Uma API descentralizada que permite que usuários de terceira camada acessem a rede com segurança
DashPay Carteiras Descentralizadas: Essas carteiras são clientes leves conectados à rede via DAPI e executados em várias plataformas
Segunda Camada: A rede masternode, que fornece infraestrutura compensada para o projeto
Budgets: O segundo nível é dado o poder de voto para alocar fundos para projetos específicos na rede através do sistema de orçamento
Governanca: O segundo escalão tem poder de voto para governar a moeda e traçar o rumo que a moeda leva.
Deterministic Masternode Lists: This feature introduces an on-chain masternode list, which can be used to calculate past and present quorums
Social Wallet: We introduce a social wallet, which allows friends lists, grouping of users and shared multisig accounts
Evolution Previews#
Dash Dapps - Demoing Community Development on environment, 17 August 2020
Os vídeos a seguir, com o Dash Founder Evan Duffield e o Chefe de Desenvolvimento UI/UX, Chuck Williams, descrevem o processo de desenvolvimento e os recursos futuros da plataforma Dash Evolution.
Evolution Demo #1 - O Primeiro Dash DAP, 16 Março 2018
Evolution Demo #2 - Mobile Evolution, 25 Abril2018
Evolution Demo #3 - Dashpay User Experience, 15 Maio2018
Chuck Williams on Evolution, Dash Conferencia em London, 14 Setembro de 2017
Evan Duffield on the Evolution Roadmap, Dash Force News, 28 Junho 2017